Earthing Lightning & Surge Protection Course

Session 1: Fundamentals and Preliminaries
▪ Reasons for Power Systems Earthing
▪ Reasons for Equipment Earthing (Bonding)
▪ Touch and Step Potentials
▪ Power System Earth Systems (LV, MV and HV) ▪ Earthing and International / National Standards

Session 2: Systems Components
▪ Air terminals location, size and materials
▪ Minimum requirements for roof and ground conductors
▪ Connectors and fittings

Session 3: Importance of Neutral Grounding
▪ Reduced magnitude of transient over voltages
▪ Simplified ground fault location
▪ Improved system and equipment fault protection
▪ Reduced maintenance time and expense
▪ Greater safety for personnel
▪ Reduction in frequency of faults

Session 4: Methods of Neutral Grounding
▪ Unearthed neutral system
▪ Solid neutral earthed system
▪ Resistance neutral earthing system
▪ Resonant neutral earthing system
▪ Transformer earthing

Session 5: Body Current Limit
▪ 1 mA: Threshold of perception
▪ 1 mAto 6 mA: Let-go currents
▪ 9 mA to 25 mA: Painful, difficult to release energized objects
▪ 25 mA to 60mA: Muscular contractions, breathing difficult
▪ 60 mA to 100mA: Ventricular fibrillation

Session 6: Earth Electrode Systems
▪ Objectives
▪ Resistance Requirements
▪ Soil Resistivity
▪ Measurement of Soil Resistivity
▪ Types of Earth Electrode Systems
▪ Resistance Properties
▪ Measurement of the Resistance of Earth Electrodes

Session 7: Electrode Enhancement and Protection
▪ Electrode Enhancement
▪ Cathodic Protection
▪ Lightning Protectors
▪ Resistance and Surface Potential Distribution of Typical Earth Electrode Construction
▪ Constructional aspects of Earths of Earthing Electrodes

Session 8: Recommended Design & Installation Practices
▪ Wiring and grounding for safety and performance
▪ Wiring and distribution systems
▪ Dedicated and derived neutral systems
▪ Grounding and bonding systems

Session 9: Static electricity and protection
▪ What is static electricity and how is it generated?
▪ Examples of static charge build up and its dangers
▪ Energy of spark due to static electricity
▪ Ways of controlling static build up
▪ Risk assessment and preventive measures

Session 10: Soil Resistivity Testing
▪ Wenner method
▪ Schlumberger method
▪ Soil resistivity variability

Session 11: Physics of lightning and Lightning Protection
▪ Physics of Lightning
▪ Electrical Surges due to Lightning
▪ Lightning Waveforms
▪ Lightning Protection Systems (Evaluation and Selection)
▪ Lightning Protection of Electricity Supply Systems
▪ Lightning Protection for Buildings

Session 12: Surges and surge protection
▪ Causes and mitigation of surges
▪ Ways by which surges couple into electrical circuits
▪ Principles of surge protection and commonly used devices
▪ Graded surge protection
▪ Relative merits of different types of surge protection devices for sensitive instrumentation ▪ Surge protection of telemetry and data communication systems

Session 13: Power Conditioning
▪ Power conditioners
▪ Uninterruptible power systems
▪ Power quality alternative sources

Session 14: Quality (PQ) — Electrical noise and mitigation
▪ Wiring and Grounding for Power Quality
▪ Electrical Environment and Causes of Power Quality / Noise Disturbances
▪ PQ and Grounding for PQ
▪ Typical Wiring and Grounding Problem
▪ Minimize Electrical Interference
▪ Shielding Methods

Session 15: Power Quality (PQ) — Harmonics
▪ Frequency and Power Quality
▪ Effects of Harmonics in Electrical Systems
▪ Minimize Harmonic Interference